Erongo Mountains

The Erongo Mountains contain one of Namibia’s most extensive and varied collections of Stone Age engravings, spread across the vast granite ring complex that dominates the landscape between Omaruru and Karibib. These engravings appear on boulders, rock faces, and sheltered overhangs throughout the region, demonstrating a long tradition of San hunter-gatherer occupation.

Together with the area’s many fine-line paintings, the Erongo is considered one of the richest rock-art landscapes in the country.

Rock engraving sites are widely distributed throughout the mountains, with access points primarily through Omandumba, Erongo Wilderness Lodge, and several private farms that form part of the Erongo Conservancy. Visitors typically join a guided walk, as the sites lie on private land and require careful protection.

Trails vary from short, easy walks to longer routes that cross boulder fields and koppies.

The engravings are etched into darkened granite surfaces where the desert varnish provides a good contrasting background. They include:

• Giraffe, kudu, zebra, and other plains game
• Rhinoceros, elephant and leopard
• Human footprints and track engravings
• Abstract symbols, including curved lines, dots and circular forms

Some engravings show multiple phases of execution, with older images heavily patinated and newer ones carved on top. The Erongo engravings are attributed to San hunter-gatherers and are believed to span several millennia.

While individual sites are not always formally named, several areas within the mountains contain particularly high concentrations of engravings:

• The Omandumba valleys, known for clear animal figures and footprint motifs
• Areas near Erongo Wilderness Lodge, where engravings are found alongside stone-tool scatters
• Secluded gorges with panels showing both engravings and painted shelters nearby

Some sites are situated near water sources and seasonal springs, indicating their importance in both ritual and daily life.

Thanks to the durable granite and arid climate, many engravings remain crisp and well defined. However, natural weathering, lichen growth, and occasional vandalism pose threats to fragile surfaces. Guided access and controlled visitation help reduce further damage.

Access to most engravings is only permitted with a local guide from the lodges or farms operating within the Erongo Conservancy. The terrain is typically rocky, so sturdy footwear and water are essential.

The dramatic backdrop of towering granite domes and volcanic outcrops makes the Erongo engravings some of the most atmospheric rock-art sites in Namibia.